Formulating and Explaining Views
and
Presenting, Explaining, and Evaluating Arguments
1. To formulate a view is simply to write down a statement of that view. It should be as clear and concise as possible.
2. To explain a view is to do two things:
a. Define any technical terms relevant to the statement of the view.
b. Say something in your own words to make the main idea behind the view as clear and as plausible as possible (without merely restating the view, and without giving a formal argument).
3. To present an argument is to do two things:
a. Introduce the main idea behind the argument in a short, clear paragraph. (If the argument is based on some specific story, this paragraph should include, among other things, the main details of that story.)
b. Write down the argument. (Include all the premises and the conclusion, number the lines of the argument for ease of reference in discussing them, and draw a line between the premises and the conclusion, indicating that the conclusion is supposed to follow from the premises.)
4. To explain an argument is to do two things:
a. Define any relevant technical terms.
b. Give a brief rationale for each premise. (A rationale for a premise is a short justification of that premise. It is what someone would say in defense of the premise if she supported the argument. A rationale is not just a restatement or paraphrase of the premise.)
5. To evaluate an argument is to do two things:
a. First say whether the argument is valid. (Justify your claim by showing or naming the logical structure of the argument.)
b. Then say whether the argument is sound.
1. What you say will depend on your opinion of the argument. You will not be graded on your opinion, but you will be graded on how clearly you spell it out and how well you defend it.
2. Whether you think the argument is sound or unsound, you must discuss what you take to be the best objection to the argument.
a. If you think the argument is unsound, say so, and spell out your objection.
b. If you think the argument is sound, say that, spell out the best possible objection, and then give your reply to that objection.
3. Be sure to be as specific as possible in spelling out the objection. If appropriate, say which premise is under attack.